In 2013, an international partnership of more than 140 scientific societies, research institutes, and organizations focused its attention on a collaborative project called Mathematics of Planet Earth. The project featured hundreds of English-and French-language blogs, accessible to nonmathematicians, as part of its outreach activities, focusing on four major themes: A Planet to Discover; A Planet Supporting Life; A Planet Organized by Humans; and A Planet at Risk.

Geomatics is an amalgam of methods, algorithms and practices in handling data referred to the Earth by informatic tools. This book is an attempt to identify and rationally organize the statistical-mathematical methods which are common in many fields where geomatics is applied, like geodesy, geophysics and, in particular, the field of inverse problems and image analysis as it enters into photogrammetry and remote sensing.

This book provides theoretical concepts and applications of fractals and multifractals to a broad range of audiences from various scientific communities, such as petroleum, chemical, civil and environmental engineering, atmospheric research, and hydrology.

Ecologists and evolutionary biologists today need enough mathematical training to be able to assess the power and limits of biological models and to develop theories and models themselves. A how-to guide for developing new mathematical models in biology, with instructive exercises and contextual models, this book provides step-by-step recipes for constructing and analyzing models.

In this volume experts present the latest status of mathematical and statistical methods in use for the analysis and modeling of plant disease epidemics. New chapters on the modeling of the spreading of diseases in air and in soil are included in this second edition.

"Radioactivity is like a clock that never needs adjusting," writes Doug Macdougall. "It would be hard to design a more reliable timekeeper." In Nature's Clocks, Macdougall tells how scientists who were seeking to understand the past arrived at the ingenious techniques they now use to determine the age of objects and organisms. By examining radiocarbon (C-14) dating--the best known of these methods--and several other techniques that geologists use to decode the distant past, Macdougall unwraps the last century's advances, explaining how they reveal the age of our fossil ancestors.

This book addresses mathematical models in the study of practical questions in ecology, particularly factors affecting herbivory, including plant defense, herbivore natural enemies, and adaptive herbivory, as well as the effects of these on plant community dynamics. This book describes a toxin-determined functional response model (TDFRM) that helps explains field observations of these interactions.

In this book Dr Yang provides an introduction to the fundamental mathematics that all earth scientists need. The book offers a 'theorem-free' approach with an emphasis on practicality. With dozens of step-by-step worked examples, the book is especially suitable for non-mathematicians and geoscientists. The topics include binomial theorem, index notations, polynomials, sequences and series, trigonometry, spherical trigonometry, complex numbers, vectors and matrices, ordinary differential equations, partial differential equations, Fourier transforms, numerical methods, and geostatistics.

Modeling Uncertainty in the Earth Sciences highlights the various issues, techniques and practical modeling tools available for modeling the uncertainty of complex Earth systems and the impact that it has on practical situations. The book covers key issues such as: Spatial and time aspect; large complexity and dimensionality; computation power; costs of 'engineering' the Earth; uncertainty in the modeling and decision process. Focusing on reliable and practical methods this book provides an invaluable primer for the complex area of decision making with uncertainty in the Earth Sciences.

This book discusses topics related to mathematical and computational issues in geophysical fluid and solid mechanics, including local grid refinement for reservoir simulation, a method of factoring long z-transform polynomials, and the finite element modelling of surface flow problems.

This book aims to provide an overview to the topic of Carbon Capture and Storage (CSS), while at the same time focusing on the dominant processes and the mathematical and numerical methods that need to be employed in order to analyze the relevant systems. A considerable part of the book discusses the appropriate scales of modeling, and how to formulate consistent governing equations at these scales. The book also illustrates real world data sets and how the ideas in the book can be exploited through combinations of analytical and numerical approaches.

Presented in this text is a class of deterministic models describing the dynamics of two plant species whose characteristics are common to the majority of annual plants that have a seedbank. These models were developed in response to four major questions on the long-term outcomes of binary mixtures of plant species: Is ultimate coexistence possible? If not, which strain will win? Does the mixture approach an equilibrium? If so, how long does the mixture take to attain it? The book gives a detailed account of model construction, analysis and application to field data obtained from long-term trials.

This book gives an overview of statistical turbulence modelling with applications to oceanography and limnology. It discusses how these models can be derived from the Naiver-Stokes equations and how step by step simplications result in models applicable to numerical simulations for realistic solutions. Possibilities for considering additional effects such as breaking surface waves and Langmuir circulation are discussed. Relevant methods for the numerical discretisation of the turbulence models are presented. Results from one -dimensional simulations are shown for various oceanic and limnic water column studies. The integration of these turbulence models in three-dimensional models are some selected results are also given.

This book presents an introduction to the methodology of structural equation modeling, illustrates its use, and goes on to argue that it has revolutionary implications for the study of natural systems. Understanding systems requires the capacity to examine simultaneous influences and responses. Structural equation modeling (SEM) has such capabilities. In light of the capabilities of SEM, it can be argued that much of ecological theory is currently locked in an immature state that impairs its relevance. It is further argued that the principles of SEM are capable of leading to the development and evaluation of multivariate theories of the sort vitally needed for the conservation of natural systems.

Thermochronology, the study of the thermal history of rocks, enables us to quantify the nature and timing of tectonic processes. The authors provide analytical, semi-analytical and numerical solutions to the heat transfer equation in a range of tectonic settings and under varying boundary conditions. They then illustrate their modeling approach built around a large number of case studies.