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Gerstein Science Information Centre

Searching the Literature: A Guide to Comprehensive Searching in the Health Sciences

Students and researchers in the health sciences are often required to conduct comprehensive searches of the literature. Follow the steps in this guide to learn how this process works.

AI Playdate Event @ Gerstein

Enter your feedback on an AI Search Engine for a chance to win one of two $50 UofT Bookstore gift cards! 

 

What are AI Search Engines?

GenAI search engines are search engines that typically: 

  • use generativeAI to translate the user's natural language query into a new search (eg. Boolean query or embedding-based search)
  • searches large open-access databases of scientific papers and pre-prints (eg. SemanticScholar, OpenAlex, Arxiv.org, PubMed)
  • selects results from search based on semantic/topic match algorithms
  • incorporates the use of "Retrieval Augmented Generation" to generate summaries of results and provide references that are grounded in external data sources

Evaluating AI Search Engines

There has been a proliferation of AI search engines since the release of ChatGPT in 2022. When considering whether to use or invest in an AI search engine, find the tool's About or FAQ section and think about: 

  • where does the data come from? Most AI search engines search SemanticScholar which derives its content from more than 50 direct partnerships with publishers, data providers, and aggregators. It includes content crawled from the open web as well as trusted indexes like PubMed. This massive dataset can be amazing for discovering outliers and difficult to find information; however, because it also crawls the open web for scholarly publications, it is perhaps more vulnerable to including fraudulent publications. 

 

THINK ABOUT IT:  Why search a maze when you can head straight for the shortcut? For focused medical questions, will a tool that searches SemanticScholar save you more time than a tool with a more limited dataset? 

 

  • what can you do in the free version that you cannot do without a paid subscription? 
  • what features are important to your work? How does the tool integrate with your existing technologies used for doing literature reviews (eg. reference managers, notetaking software).
  • how transparent is the tool about:
    • the dataset being searched
    • how your query is being translated into a search strategy
    • how results are selected 
    • how results are being summarized 

AI Search Engine Comparison Chart

Name of AI Search Engine

Data Source(s)

Noteworthy Features

Pricing (as of February 2025)

Consensus

Semantic Scholar

Consensus meter for yes/no questions

  • Login required
  • Free to try with limited features
  • USD8.99/month billed annually

Elicit

Semantic Scholar

Create custom columns for data extraction across multiple papers

  • Login required
  • Free to try with limited features
  • USD12-49/month billed annually depending on features

Scite.AI

Scite dataset

Editable search strategy & document selection process

Citation search labels references in the results as “supporting”, “contrasting” or “mentioning”

  • Login required
  • Free to try with limited features
  • 7 day free trial
  • USD12.27/month billed annually

SciSpace

Unstated

Suite of AI tools including paraphraser, chat with PDF, AI detector. Search engine provides answer summary as well as insights from references and custom columns for data extraction

  • No login required to try
  • Free to try with limited features
  • USD12/month billed annually

ScopusAI

Scopus (2003 - present)

Transparent Boolean strategy

  • Free @ UofT

The-Literature.com

PubMed

GPT-created boolean strategy runs on the backend to summarize relevant results from PubMed (eg. Quality medical journals)

  • Free forever
  • No login required

Undermind

Semantic Scholar

Guides user through question development & takes its time to find relevant results using search algorithms designed to mimic the human "rabbit-holing" processes

  • Login required
  • 5 free searches/month
  • USD16/Month billed annually

Web of Science AI Assistant

Web of Science Core Collection

Transparent Boolean strategy

  • Free @ UofT

 

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